[Research Contribution] Off-farm employment and farmer’s household welfare in Vietnam: Role of clean energy consumption

In many rural areas of Vietnam, farming remains the main source of livelihood for millions of households. But as the weather becomes increasingly erratic, agricultural prices fluctuate, and seasonal risks are ever-present, relying solely on farming is sometimes no longer a safe enough choice to ensure a livelihood. Therefore, more and more farmers are seeking additional non-agricultural jobs, from working as laborers, construction workers, small traders to service workers, to increase their income and reduce the economic pressure on their families. But do those "off-farm" jobs really help improve the lives of rural households, not just in terms of income but also in their meals and daily quality of life?